Prenatal alcohol exposure can lead to a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral effects, collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) [1]. The severity of these disorders can vary greatly, depending on the frequency, timing, and amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy [1].

One of the most severe outcomes of prenatal alcohol exposure is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which is characterized by distinct facial abnormalities, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system impairment [1]. Other potential risks associated with alcohol exposure in utero include:

1. Physical Abnormalities: Prenatal alcohol exposure can result in a variety of physical abnormalities, such as heart defects, hearing and vision problems, and skeletal abnormalities [1].

2. Neurodevelopmental Issues: Alcohol can interfere with the normal development of the brain, leading to cognitive, behavioral, and learning problems [1]. These issues may include difficulties with memory, attention, impulse control, and social skills [1].

3. Intellectual Disability: Severe alcohol exposure in utero can lead to intellectual disability, which is characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior [1].

4. Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Children with FASDs may exhibit a range of emotional and behavioral problems, such as anxiety, depression, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [1].

5. Increased Risk of Substance Use Disorders: Individuals with FASDs are at increased risk of developing substance use disorders, which can further complicate their lives and contribute to a range of negative outcomes [1].

It is important to note that there is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and abstaining from alcohol is the best way to prevent FASDs [1].

Sources:

[1] National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2021). Fetal Alcohol Exposure. Retrieved from <https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/fetal-alcohol-exposure>

[2] DrugPatentWatch.com. (2021). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Retrieved from <https://www.drugpatentwatch.com/disease/fetal-alcohol-syndrome>