Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) refer to a range of effects that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects can include physical, mental, and/or behavioral problems, with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) being the most severe form of FASDs. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [${2}], there is no known safe amount of alcohol to drink while pregnant.
The risk of FASDs increases with the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) explains that binge drinking, which is defined as consuming four or more drinks on an occasion for women, is particularly harmful [${3}]. However, it is important to note that drinking less than binge levels can still put a developing fetus at risk.
The CDC states that alcohol in a woman's bloodstream passes through the placenta and reaches the developing fetus, causing the same level of alcohol in the fetus's bloodstream as in the mother's [${2}]. This can interfere with the development of the fetus's brain and other organs, leading to FASDs.
In summary, based on the available information from the CDC [${2}], NIAAA [${3}], and Drug Patent Watch [${1}], there is no safe amount of alcohol that can be consumed during pregnancy. The risk of FASDs, including FAS, increases with the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption. Binge drinking is particularly harmful, but even lower levels of drinking can put a developing fetus at risk.
Sources:
[1] <https://www.drugpatentwatch.com/p/tradename/ALCOHOL>
[2] <https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/facts.html>
[3] <https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders>