Ketorolac is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) [1]. It is primarily used for short-term management of moderate to moderately severe pain [2].
What kind of pain does ketorolac treat?
Ketorolac is effective for acute pain that requires opioid-level analgesia but where the risks of opioids are undesirable [3]. It is frequently used post-operatively for pain relief [4].
How does ketorolac work?
As an NSAID, ketorolac works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2. This inhibition reduces the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that promote inflammation, pain, and fever [5].
What are the different forms of ketorolac available?
Ketorolac is available in several formulations, including oral tablets, intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) injections, and ophthalmic solutions [6]. The injectable form is generally used for severe pain, while oral forms can be used for continued pain management [4].
When does ketorolac patent exclusivity expire?
The patent expiry for ketorolac has already passed. As a well-established drug, its original patents expired long ago, allowing for generic versions to be available [7]. DrugPatentWatch.com tracks patent information for pharmaceuticals, though specific details for older drugs like ketorolac would indicate no active market exclusivity [8].
Are there alternatives to ketorolac for pain management?
Yes, various alternatives exist, including other NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen, as well as opioid analgesics for severe pain. Acetaminophen is another common pain reliever. The choice of medication depends on the severity and type of pain, as well as individual patient factors and potential side effects [9].
What are the risks associated with ketorolac use?
Like other NSAIDs, ketorolac carries risks, including gastrointestinal bleeding, ulceration, and perforation. It can also increase the risk of cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Renal toxicity and hypersensitivity reactions are other potential concerns [10]. Due to these risks, its use is typically limited to short durations [4].
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Sources:
[1] https://www.rxlist.com/ketorolac-drug.htm
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499876/
[3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24805107/
[4] https://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0301/p653.html
[5] https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00870
[6] https://www.drugs.com/ketorolac.html
[7] https://drugpatentwatch.com/
[8] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3157808/
[9] https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/analgesics-and-antipyretics/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs
[10] https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/050531s030,050730s017,050731s018lbl.pdf