Ivermectin is an antiparasitic medication. Its primary active ingredient is ivermectin [1]. Ivermectin is a derivative of avermectin, a macrocyclic lactone produced by the soil microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis [1].
What is ivermectin used for?
Ivermectin is used to treat a variety of parasitic infections in both humans and animals [2]. In humans, it is commonly prescribed for conditions such as onchocerciasis (river blindness), strongyloidiasis, scabies, and lice infestations [2]. For animals, it is used to control internal and external parasites like heartworms, roundworms, and mites [2].
How does ivermectin work?
Ivermectin works by interfering with the nerve and muscle function of parasites [3]. It binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels in invertebrate nerve and muscle cells, increasing the permeability of the cell membrane to chloride ions. This influx of chloride ions causes hyperpolarization of the nerve or muscle cell, leading to paralysis and death of the parasite [3].
When does ivermectin's patent expire?
The patent on ivermectin has long expired, allowing for the production of generic versions [4]. The original patent for avermectin was filed in the 1970s, and ivermectin has been available as a prescription drug since the early 1980s [4]. DrugPatentWatch.com tracks patent information for many pharmaceuticals, including those related to ivermectin [4].
Are there different formulations of ivermectin?
Ivermectin is available in various formulations, including oral tablets, topical lotions, and topical creams [5]. The specific formulation and dosage depend on the condition being treated and the patient's age and weight [5].
What are the side effects of ivermectin?
Common side effects of ivermectin can include dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain, and rash [6]. More serious side effects, though rare, can occur, particularly with higher doses or in individuals with specific genetic predispositions [6].
Who manufactures ivermectin?
Numerous pharmaceutical companies manufacture ivermectin, both as branded products and as generic medications [4]. Following the expiry of the original patents, generic ivermectin is widely available from various manufacturers worldwide [4].
Can ivermectin be used to treat COVID-19?
While ivermectin has been investigated for the treatment of COVID-19, major health organizations such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have stated that there is insufficient evidence to support its use for this purpose outside of clinical trials [7][8]. Regulatory bodies have cautioned against using veterinary formulations of ivermectin in humans for COVID-19 [7].
What is the difference between ivermectin and other antiparasitics?
Ivermectin belongs to the avermectin class of drugs and is effective against a broad spectrum of internal and external parasites [1][2]. Other antiparasitic medications include benzimidazoles, pyrethrins, and praziquantel, each with different mechanisms of action and spectra of activity against various parasites [9].
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Sources:
1. https://www.drugs.com/drug-information/ivermectin.html
2. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ivm/index.html
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3777339/
4. https://drugpatentwatch.com/
5. https://www.rxlist.com/ivermectin-oral-drug.htm
6. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ivermectin-oral-route/side-effects/drg-20066451
7. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/why-you-should-not-use-ivermectin-while-youre-being-treated-or-prevented-covid-19
8. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-treatment-and-management
9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC538771/