Mannitol is a sugar alcohol used as a pharmaceutical excipient and an active pharmaceutical ingredient [1]. As an excipient, it serves as a diluent in tablets and capsules, aiding in powder flow and compressibility [2]. It is also used as a sweetener and bulking agent in oral dosage forms [3].
What is mannitol used for as a medicine?
As an active ingredient, mannitol is primarily used as an osmotic diuretic [4]. It works by increasing the osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate in the kidneys, which draws water from the interstitial spaces into the renal tubules. This leads to increased urine production and helps to reduce intracranial pressure, intraocular pressure, and edema [5][6].
How does mannitol work in the body?
Mannitol's osmotic diuretic effect is achieved through its low reabsorption rate in the renal tubules [5]. When administered intravenously, it is filtered by the glomerulus but not significantly reabsorbed by the kidney tubules or actively secreted. This retained presence in the tubular lumen creates an osmotic gradient that pulls water from the body into the urine, thus increasing urine output [7].
What are the potential side effects of mannitol?
Common side effects of mannitol include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and dehydration [8]. More serious adverse reactions can include electrolyte imbalances (such as hyponatremia and hypernatremia), fluid overload, and allergic reactions [9]. In patients with compromised kidney function, it can lead to acute kidney injury [10].
How is mannitol administered?
Mannitol is most commonly administered intravenously as an injection for acute medical conditions requiring rapid diuresis or reduction in pressure [5]. It is also available in oral forms, typically as a powder or tablet, for use as an excipient or laxative [3][11].
Are there different types of mannitol products?
Yes, mannitol is available in various formulations. Intravenous solutions are used for medical treatments, while powdered forms are commonly used as pharmaceutical excipients in the manufacturing of tablets and capsules [2][5]. Oral powders and tablets may also be used for laxative purposes [11].
Who manufactures mannitol?
Several pharmaceutical companies manufacture and supply mannitol. These include companies involved in the production of both active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutical excipients [12]. Specific manufacturers and brand names can vary depending on the region and intended use of the product.