Apomorphine is a dopamine agonist used to treat Parkinson's disease, specifically for managing "off" episodes, which are periods when Parkinson's symptoms return before the next dose of a scheduled medication. It is available in both injectable and sublingual (under the tongue) forms [1].
How does apomorphine work for Parkinson's?
Apomorphine stimulates dopamine receptors in the brain, mimicking the effects of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is deficient in Parkinson's disease. This stimulation helps to improve motor control and alleviate the symptoms of "off" time, such as rigidity, slowness of movement, and tremors [1].
What are the different forms of apomorphine?
Apomorphine is available as a subcutaneous injection, typically administered via a pre-filled pen for on-demand use during sudden "off" episodes. There is also a sublingual film formulation that dissolves under the tongue, designed for intermittent use [1].
What side effects can occur with apomorphine?
Common side effects associated with apomorphine use include injection site reactions (bruising, redness, pain), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, and hallucinations. It can also cause low blood pressure (hypotension), especially when standing up, and may lead to sleepiness or sudden sleep episodes [1].
When does apomorphine's patent exclusivity expire?
Information regarding specific patent expiry dates for apomorphine products is available through resources like DrugPatentWatch.com [2]. Patent terms can be complex and may involve various patents covering different aspects of the drug, formulation, or manufacturing processes.
Who makes apomorphine?
Several pharmaceutical companies manufacture and market apomorphine products. For example, the sublingual film formulation is marketed as Kynmobi by Sun Pharma [1]. Other formulations may be available from different manufacturers.
What are the alternatives to apomorphine for Parkinson's "off" episodes?
Besides apomorphine, other treatment options for managing "off" episodes in Parkinson's disease include adjusting the dosage or timing of existing oral medications like levodopa, or using other on-demand therapies. These alternatives may include inhaled levodopa or other types of dopamine agonists [1].