Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid. Its active pharmaceutical ingredient is fentanyl citrate [1].
What other substances are in fentanyl formulations?
Fentanyl formulations can contain various inactive ingredients, depending on the dosage form and manufacturer. These can include substances to control pH, act as preservatives, or aid in absorption. For instance, injectable solutions often contain sodium hydroxide and water for injection [1]. Transdermal patches may include adhesives, penetration enhancers, and backing layers [2]. Nasal sprays and lozenges also incorporate specific excipients tailored to their delivery method [3][4].
How is fentanyl produced?
The synthesis of fentanyl involves chemical processes starting from precursor chemicals. One common synthetic pathway begins with 4-piperidone and N-phenethyl-4-piperidone (NPP) [5]. These precursors are then reacted with other chemicals, such as an aniline derivative and propionyl chloride, through a series of steps that include acylation and alkylation [5]. The precise ingredients and reaction conditions are critical for producing fentanyl citrate, the salt form commonly used in pharmaceutical preparations [1].
What are the risks associated with fentanyl?
Fentanyl is associated with a high risk of addiction, overdose, and death due to its potency [6]. Illicitly manufactured fentanyl, often found mixed with other drugs, poses a significant public health threat [7]. Accidental exposure can also lead to respiratory depression and fatality [8].
Where can I find information on drug patents related to fentanyl?
Information on drug patents, including those for fentanyl and its formulations, can be found on DrugPatentWatch.com. This resource tracks patent expiry dates and exclusivity periods for pharmaceutical products [9].