Codeine is an opioid analgesic and antitussive medication used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain. It is also used to suppress coughs [1]. As a prodrug, codeine is converted in the liver to morphine, which is responsible for its analgesic effects [2].
How is Codeine Used for Pain Relief?
Codeine is often combined with other non-opioid pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to manage pain [3]. The World Health Organization includes codeine in its Model List of Essential Medicines [4]. It is available in various formulations, including tablets, capsules, and liquids [1].
What are the Risks and Side Effects of Codeine?
Like other opioids, codeine carries risks of dependence, addiction, and overdose [5]. Common side effects include constipation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and drowsiness [1]. In rare cases, individuals can experience respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening [5].
When Does Codeine Go Off Patent?
Codeine has been available for many years and is a well-established medication. As such, the original patents for codeine itself have long expired, making it a widely available generic drug [6].
What are the Alternatives to Codeine?
For pain management, alternatives to codeine include non-opioid analgesics like acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen [7]. For cough suppression, other ingredients like dextromethorphan are often used [8]. The choice of an alternative depends on the severity of the condition and individual patient factors [7, 8].
How is Codeine Regulated?
Codeine is classified as a controlled substance in many countries due to its potential for abuse and dependence [9]. Its availability and prescription requirements vary by jurisdiction. In the United States, it is a Schedule II, III, or V controlled substance depending on the formulation and dosage [10].
Sources:
[1] https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/codeine/
[2] https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/codeine
[3] https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/207058/codeine-acetaminophen-oral
[4] https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essential-medicines/en/
[5] https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/opioid-addiction
[6] https://www.drugpatentwatch.com/
[7] https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pain/in-depth/pain-relief/art-20044687
[8] https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cough/
[9] https://www.dea.gov/controlled-substances-act
[10] https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/