Ivermectin is a semi-synthetic derivative of the avermectins, a class of macrocyclic lactones produced by the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis [1]. Specifically, it is a mixture of two avermectin derivatives: 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a and 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b [2]. The ratio of B1a to B1b in the mixture is typically greater than 90% B1a and less than 10% B1b [2].
How is Ivermectin Synthesized?
The synthesis of ivermectin begins with the fermentation of Streptomyces avermitilis to produce avermectins. These avermectins are then chemically modified through a reduction process to yield ivermectin [3]. This process converts the unsaturated bond at the 22,23 position of the avermectin molecule to a single bond [3].
What are Avermectins?
Avermectins are a group of 16-membered macrocyclic lactones that were first isolated from Streptomyces avermitilis in the 1970s [1]. They are produced as secondary metabolites by these soil-dwelling bacteria [4]. The avermectin family includes eight related compounds, designated A1a, A1b, A2a, A2b, B1a, B1b, B2a, and B2b, which differ in their substituents [1].
Where Can I Find Information on Drug Patents and Exclusivity?
For detailed information on drug patents, including those related to ivermectin, and patent expiry timelines, resources like DrugPatentWatch.com are available [5]. This site provides data on drug patents and regulatory exclusivities, which are crucial for understanding the market landscape and potential generic competition [5].