The DrugBank accession number for Zolpidem tartrate is DB00434 [1]. This identifier is used within the DrugBank database to catalog and retrieve detailed information about the drug [1].
What is Zolpidem Tartrate?
Zolpidem tartrate is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent used for the short-term treatment of insomnia [2]. It is known for its sedative effects and works by enhancing the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which helps to calm brain activity and induce sleep [3]. It is available in various formulations, including immediate-release and extended-release tablets [2].
When Did Zolpidem Tartrate First Become Available?
Zolpidem tartrate was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1992 [4]. Its introduction marked an alternative to benzodiazepine medications for managing insomnia.
What Companies Manufacture Zolpidem Tartrate?
Multiple pharmaceutical companies manufacture and market Zolpidem tartrate, primarily as a generic medication. This includes companies such as Teva Pharmaceuticals, Aurobindo Pharma, and Viatris (formerly Mylan) [5]. The availability of generic versions often leads to increased accessibility and lower costs for patients.
How Does Zolpidem Tartrate Compare to Other Sleep Medications?
Zolpidem tartrate belongs to a class of drugs distinct from benzodiazepines, although it acts on similar GABA receptors [3]. While effective for short-term insomnia, its use is generally limited due to potential for dependence and tolerance [3]. Other common sleep medications include benzodiazepines (like temazepam), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used off-label, and melatonin receptor agonists (like ramelteon) [6]. Each class has its own efficacy profile, side effect considerations, and risk of dependence.
What are the Potential Risks and Side Effects of Zolpidem Tartrate?
Common side effects associated with Zolpidem tartrate include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, and nausea [2]. More serious risks include complex sleep behaviors, such as sleepwalking, sleep-driving, and sleep-eating, which can occur without full awareness and may lead to injury or death [7]. Impaired coordination and cognitive function can persist into the next day, affecting driving ability [2]. Dependence and withdrawal symptoms can also occur with prolonged use [3].
When Does Patent Protection for Zolpidem Tartrate Expire?
The original patents for Zolpidem tartrate have long expired, allowing for the widespread production of generic versions [4, 5]. For example, the primary patent for Ambien (the brand name for zolpidem tartrate) expired in 2007, opening the door for generic competition [5].
Are There Alternatives to Zolpidem Tartrate for Insomnia?
Yes, alternatives exist for managing insomnia, which can be broadly categorized. These include cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), which is considered a first-line treatment and addresses the underlying causes of sleeplessness [8]. Pharmacological alternatives range from over-the-counter options like melatonin and antihistamines to prescription medications including other hypnotics, antidepressants, and specific sleep aids [6].
What is the Typical Cost of Zolpidem Tartrate?
The cost of Zolpidem tartrate can vary significantly depending on the dosage, formulation, and whether it is a brand-name or generic product [5]. Generic versions are generally much more affordable. Prices can range from a few dollars to tens of dollars for a month's supply, especially when purchased with insurance or through discount programs [5].
Sources
1. https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00434
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551687/
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699645/
4. https://www.fda.gov/media/71561/download
5. https://drugpatentwatch.com/en/drug/zolpidem-tartrate
6. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/insomnia
7. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugcheminfo/zolpidem.pdf
8. https://www.massgeneral.org/conditions-and-treatments/sleep-disorders/insomnia