Mannitol is a sugar alcohol, a type of carbohydrate. It is primarily derived from the hydrogenation of fructose [1]. Fructose itself can be obtained from various natural sources, including fruits and honey, or it can be produced from starch, commonly corn starch [2][3].
How is Mannitol Produced Commercially?
Commercially, mannitol is produced through a chemical process. Fructose is hydrogenated, meaning hydrogen is added to its chemical structure. This reaction converts the aldehyde group in fructose to a hydroxyl group, transforming it into mannitol [1]. The hydrogenation is typically carried out under specific temperature and pressure conditions, often with a catalyst like nickel [4].
Where Does Mannitol Come From Naturally?
While industrial production is common, mannitol also occurs naturally in a variety of plants and fungi. It can be found in mushrooms, seaweed, and some fruits and vegetables [5]. Historically, it was sometimes obtained by extracting it from the bark of certain trees, such as the ash tree [6].
What Are the Uses of Mannitol?
Mannitol serves several purposes. It is used as a diuretic to reduce swelling and pressure, particularly in cases of brain swelling or glaucoma [7]. It also functions as a laxative and is used as a sweetener and bulking agent in food products [8]. In pharmaceuticals, it is employed as an excipient in tablets and capsules [9].
How Does Mannitol Differ from Sorbitol?
Mannitol and sorbitol are both sugar alcohols derived from sugars. Sorbitol is produced by the hydrogenation of glucose, whereas mannitol is produced from fructose [1]. While they share many similar properties and applications, there are differences in their chemical structure, sweetness, and physiological effects [10]. For instance, mannitol is generally less hygroscopic than sorbitol [11].
What are the Potential Side Effects of Mannitol?
Common side effects of mannitol administration include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and headaches [12]. When used as a laxative, it can cause abdominal discomfort and diarrhea [8]. Patients receiving mannitol intravenously may experience fluid overload or allergic reactions [13].